SL Paper 2
Outline one political and one economic factor that affect participation in sport.
Referring to a national sports league you have studied, explain the factors that have determined the home location of its teams.
To what extent can tourism ever be made sustainable?
The three maps show the catchment areas (illustrated by visitor “trip lines”) for three different sport and recreational facilities located in the settlements of a region.
Identify two possible sport or recreational facilities that Map C might be showing.
Analyse the maps for evidence of a leisure hierarchy.
Explain two ways in which ecotourism is a sustainable industry.
“Leisure, sports and tourism bring more problems than benefits to urban areas.” Discuss this statement.
The map extract shows the Lantau Country Park in Hong Kong.
[Source: Survey and Mapping Office, Lands Department, Lantau Island and Neighbouring Islands, Countryside Series, Edition 2 (2005). The map reproduced with permission of the Director of Lands. © The Government of Hong Kong SAR. Licence No. 35/2010]
Identify two primary and two secondary tourism resources found in the area south of gridline 62.
Referring to map evidence, explain three problems related to tourism that are likely to develop in Area B, around Ngong Ping.
Discuss the strategies designed to manage tourism in one named urban area.
The map shows an area in Utah, USA, where tourism is important.
[Cedar City-Brian Head Tourism Bureau. Used with permission.]
Identify one possible heritage tourism location and one possible ecotourism location shown on the map and justify your choice.
Explain how the carrying capacity may be different for two of the activities at Three Peaks recreation area.
Discuss the factors affecting the distribution of leisure facilities in urban areas.
(i) Define the term leisure.
(ii) Define the term tourism.
Suggest two reasons why demand for international tourist services has increased rapidly in recent decades.
Explain two ways in which environmental damage from tourism has been minimized in one named city or large town.
Examine the view that tourism offers a guaranteed route towards economic development for low-income countries.
(i) Define the term environmental carrying capacity.
(ii) Define the term perceptual carrying capacity.
Referring to specific activities, analyse why the leisure facilities in a central business district (CBD) differ from those in the rural–urban fringe.
“Sport and recreation are an effective means of regeneration for urban areas.” Discuss this statement.
Outline two types of carrying capacity that apply to rural areas.
Explain how land values and accessibility can affect the distribution of sports facilities within urban areas.
Evaluate the role of tourism as a development strategy in low-income countries.
Describe the main characteristics of sustainable tourism.
Explain three different impacts of tourist developments on the environment.
Examine how tourism has had social and economic impacts on one country.
The graph shows the number of international tourist arrivals between 1950–2020.
[Source: ©UNWTO, 9284404708]
State the year in which international tourist arrivals in Europe exceeded 400 million for the first time.
Describe the trend in international tourist arrivals in the East Asia/Pacific region shown on the graph.
Suggest three possible reasons for a decline in the total number of international arrivals in the world.
Referring to one or more named examples, examine why some countries have invested in tourism in order to promote development.
The graph shows government investment in tourism for selected regions from 1995 to 2020. All values are relative to the 1995 index of 100.
[Source: World Travel and Tourism Council]
Describe the trends shown in the graph.
Using a located example, explain two strategies used to develop tourism in low-income countries.
For a country you have studied, to what extent do the economic benefits of tourism outweigh the environmental costs?
Using a located example, outline two ways in which sustainable tourism supports the culture of local people.
Explain two impacts of tourism on the natural environment of rural areas.
Examine how the benefits of hosting one or more major international sporting events have been unevenly distributed.
Define leisure.
Define tourism.
Analyse three geographic factors, other than accessibility and affluence, that determine levels of participation in one named sport you have studied.
Compare the influence of accessibility and affluence on the growth of either recreation or tourism or sport.
The maps show the birth places of players in a sports league in the UK in 1990 and 2010.
[Source: adapted from http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/8182090.stm]
Describe the pattern of birth places in 1990 and how it has changed by 2010.
Suggest three possible reasons why the sphere of influence of this league’s supporters has grown in size since 1990.
“Local people do not benefit from hosting an international sporting event.” Discuss this statement.
(i) Describe what is meant by the term “heritage tourism locations”.
(ii) State examples of two different kinds of heritage tourism.
(i) Suggest what is meant by the term “remote tourist destination”.
(ii) Suggest two reasons for the growth of tourism in one named remote tourist destination.
Evaluate strategies that have been designed to make tourism more sustainable in different environments.
Define the term tourism.
State two possible reasons why not all international arrivals can be classified as tourists.
Explain two strategies designed to manage the environmental damage caused by tourism in one named large town or city.
Discuss the view that the economic benefits of tourism in one country you have studied outweigh its negative social and environmental impacts.
Briefly describe what is meant by:
(i) heritage tourism;
(ii) ecotourism.
Explain three political factors that affect participation and success in international sport.
“The benefits of hosting an international sporting event always outweigh the costs.” Discuss this statement, using appropriate examples.
The diagram shows the hierarchy of open spaces serving a city.
[Source: Adapted from Dundee City Council, Leisure and Communities Department http://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/openspace/main.htm]
Referring to the diagram, outline two differences you would expect to find between “local parks and open spaces” and a “country park”.
Explain three reasons why it is important for city planners to ensure that there are sufficient open spaces for urban residents.
With reference to a named urban area, examine the factors that have influenced the location and distribution of leisure facilities, other than open spaces.
The graph shows the monthly changes in international tourist arrivals worldwide from January 2008 to April 2009.
[Source: World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)]
Describe the changes in international tourist arrivals shown in the graph.
Explain three reasons why international tourist arrivals can change in one named rural or urban location.
“Most recreational and sports facilities in urban areas are located near the city centre.” Discuss this statement.
Outline what is meant by the terms:
(i) primary tourist resources;
(ii) secondary tourist resources.
Using examples, explain three reasons for the growth of tourism in more remote locations.
To what extent do the advantages of ecotourism outweigh any disadvantages?
Describe two characteristics of the leisure hierarchy.
Explain three geographic factors that might influence decision-makers in choosing a host city for an international sports event.
Using one or more examples, evaluate the strategies designed to manage tourism in rural areas.
The graph shows people’s participation in sport in Canada in relation to their household income between 1992 and 2005.
Referring to the graph, describe the relationship between household income and participation in sport in Canada.
Using examples, explain how levels of participation in international sport are affected by:
(i) one economic factor;
(ii) one political factor.
“Land value is the most important factor influencing the location of recreation and sports facilities in urban areas.” Discuss this statement with reference to specific urban areas.
The diagram shows the relationship between catchment areas of sports facilities and the population of settlements.
[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2017]
Describe the general relationship shown by the diagram.
Suggest one reason why settlement A does not fit the general relationship.
Suggest three possible reasons why the sphere of influence of supporters of a sports team could change over time.
Examine the contribution that ecotourism can make to a country’s tourist industry.
The table shows the world’s fifteen most visited cities in 2013.
Describe the global pattern of the most visited cities.
State the median value of visitor numbers in 2013.
Outline what is meant by the term “ecotourism”.
Explain one strength and one weakness of ecotourism for local communities.
For one named national sports league, examine the relationship between the location of its teams and the places where their supporters live.
The graph shows international tourist arrivals for three regions between 1990 and 2010.
Describe the trends shown on the graph.
Explain three reasons for the changes in international tourist arrivals shown on the graph.
Examine the extent to which sustainable tourism might be successfully implemented in different environments.
Define the term carrying capacity.
State whether location A or B has the higher perceptual carrying capacity and justify your answer.
Explain three factors that affect the distribution of sports facilities in urban areas.
Examine the effectiveness of using sport and recreation to promote urban regeneration.
The graph shows the impact of hosting the Olympic Games on the GNI of a country.
State the change in GNI during the year of the Olympic Games.
State the change in GNI one year after the Olympic Games.
Describe what is meant by the sphere of influence of a sporting event.
Suggest reasons why a country’s GNI increases before and during the Olympic Games.
Examine the changes in the international tourism industry that have led to the development of more remote tourism locations.
Optional Theme E — Leisure, sport and tourism
10. The map shows participating teams for one international sport.
Describe the distribution of the participating teams.
Using examples, suggest how social and cultural factors can affect people’s participation in international sports.
“Physical factors influence the location of tourist activities more than human factors.” Discuss this statement, with reference to examples.
The map shows the distribution of Formula One motor racing tracks in 2015.
Describe the geographical distribution of Formula One motor racing tracks shown on the map.
Explain two reasons for increased global participation in sport.
For one national sports league you have studied, examine the relationship between the location of the teams and the residence of its supporters.
The diagram shows information about international tourist arrivals in 2012.
Briefly describe:
(i) the pattern shown on the bar graph;
(ii) the trend shown on the map.
Using examples of countries, suggest three reasons why numbers of international tourist arrivals have sometimes decreased.
“The economic gains from tourism always exceed its negative social impacts.” Discuss this statement with reference to one or more case studies.
The photograph shows tourists at a popular site in Tokyo, Japan.
[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2018]
With reference to the photograph, identify one primary tourist attraction.
With reference to the photograph, identify one secondary tourist attraction.
Using photographic evidence, suggest why the perceptual carrying capacity of this site might have been reached.
For one named international sporting event, explain how one physical factor and two human factors influenced the choice of venue(s).
Examine the extent to which the aims of sustainable tourism might be achieved in two different environments.
Option E — Leisure, sport and tourism
The map shows the area around Locarno in southern Switzerland. The scale of the map is 1:50 000 and the contour interval is 25 metres.
Using map evidence, name and locate two different leisure activities or facilities shown in the area north of gridline 16.
Referring to the map, explain three factors that may influence the shape of the catchment area for the sports stadium.
Examine the use of sport and recreation as a regeneration strategy in one or more urban areas.
The map shows the area around the valley of the River Tarn and the town of Sainte-Enimie in Southern France. The scale is 1:100 000 and the contour interval is 40 metres. Photograph A shows the town of Sainte-Enimie.
Using map evidence, identify and locate two secondary tourist resources.
Describe how one characteristic of the valley of the River Tarn limits its environmental carrying capacity.
(i) State the direction in which the camera was pointing when photograph A was taken.
(ii) Referring to photograph A, suggest the evidence that the perceptual carrying capacity of Sainte-Enimie may already have been exceeded.
Using examples, evaluate the use of tourism as a development strategy in some low-income countries.